神经网络（NNS）也很难有效地学习某些问题，例如奇偶校验问题，即使对于这些问题有简单的学习算法。NNS可以自己发现学习算法吗？我们展示了一个NN体系结构，在多项式时期，可以通过恒定尺寸的学习算法来学习以及任何有效的学习算法。例如，在奇偶校验问题上，NN学习和减少行，这是一种可以简单描述的有效算法。我们的体系结构结合了层和卷积重量共享之间的重复分享，即使网络本身可能具有数万亿个节点，也将参数数量降低到常数。在实践中，我们的分析中的常数太大而无法直接有意义，但我们的工作表明，经常性和卷积NNS（RCNN）的协同作用可能比单独的任何一个更强大。

在矩阵完成问题中，人们希望根据一组（可能是嘈杂的）条目重建一个低级别矩阵。先前的工作考虑完成整个矩阵，在条目分布不均匀的情况下，这可能是高度不准确的。我们正式化了部分矩阵完成的问题，目标是完成大量条目，或等效地完成整个矩阵并指定条目的准确子集。有趣的是，即使分布未知且任意复杂，我们的有效算法也能够保证：（a）在所有完成的条目上高精度，以及（b）高覆盖范围，这意味着它至少涵盖了与该矩阵的范围一样多。观察的分布。

我们建议一种使用大型语言模型（例如GPT-3）在给定情况下模拟不同人类的响应的方法。我们通过尝试重现公认的经济，心理语言和社会实验来测试我们的方法。该方法需要每个实验的及时模板。模拟是通过改变（假设的）主题细节（例如名称）和分析语言模型产生的文本来运行的。我们通过使用GPT-3来验证我们的方法，以表明可以模拟不同人的反应，并且他们的反应与文献中先前的人类研究一致。我们发现，较大的语言模型生成的分布与先前的实验结果更好地保持一致，这表明一种趋势，即未来的语言模型可以用于对人类反应的更忠实的模拟。我们将语言模型用于模拟的使用与对语言模型的拟人化观点形成对比。

这项工作表明了如何以编程难题的形式使用大规模语言模型（LMS）与经过验证的解决方案合成编程问题，然后可以将其用于微调相同的模型，从而提高其性能。这项工作以最近的两项发展为基础。首先，LMS在非平凡的推理和算法实施中取得了突破，生成可以解决某些中级竞争性编程问题的代码。但是，培训代码LMS涉及策划的一组自然语言问题描述以及源代码测试和解决方案，这些测试和解决方案的大小有限。其次，引入了一种新的编程挑战格式，称为编程难题，该格式不需要自然语言描述，并通过源代码测试直接指定。在这项工作中，我们展示了如何使用Python解释器验证的合成编程难题和解决方案，可用于改善从P3求解测试难题的性能，P3是一套Python公共基准的Python编程难题。此外，我们发布了由Codex模型生成的100万个难题和解决方案的数据集，我们证明可以通过微调改善较小的模型。

许多现代的机器学习算法通过在与性别或种族等敏感属性相关的粗略定义的群体之间执行公平限制来减轻偏见。但是，这些算法很少说明组内异质性和偏见可能会对组的某些成员产生不成比例。在这项工作中，我们表征了社会规范偏见（Snob），这是一种微妙但因此的算法歧视类型，即使这些系统实现了群体公平目标，也可以通过机器学习模型展示。我们通过职业分类中的性别偏见来研究这个问题。我们通过衡量算法的预测与推断性别规范的一致性相关，来量化势利小人。当预测一个人是否属于男性主导的职业时，该框架表明，“公平”的分类者仍然以与推断的男性规范相符的方式写的传记。我们比较跨算法公平方法的势利小人，并表明它通常是残留的偏见，而后处理方法根本不会减轻这种偏见。

我们介绍了一种称为编程拼图的新型编程挑战，作为方案合成的客观和全面评估，并释放Python编程拼图的开源数据集（P3）。每个拼图由短Python程序$ F $定义，目标是找到一个使$ F $返回true的输入。谜题是目的，因为每个人都由其验证者$ F $的源代码完全指定，因此评估为测试候选解决方案所需的$ F $。它们不需要答案密钥或输入/输出示例，也不依赖于自然语言理解。该数据集是全面的，因为它跨越一系列困难和域的问题，从琐碎的字符串操纵问题，经典编程谜题（例如，河内塔），用于采访/竞争编程问题（例如，动态编程），在算法和数学中的长期开放问题（例如，因子）。我们开发基准枚举程序合成，GPT-3和能够解决难题的食盒求解器 - 即使没有访问任何参考解决方案 - 通过从他们自己的过去的解决方案中学习。 Codex表现最佳，解决高达18％的397个测试问题的测试问题，每次尝试和80％的问题占1,000个问题。在一个小的用户学习中，我们发现拼图解决性能和编码体验之间的正相关性，以及人类和AI求解器的难题难度之间。因此，P3的进一步改进可能对许多程序合成区域产生重大影响。

The blind application of machine learning runs the risk of amplifying biases present in data. Such a danger is facing us with word embedding, a popular framework to represent text data as vectors which has been used in many machine learning and natural language processing tasks. We show that even word embeddings trained on Google News articles exhibit female/male gender stereotypes to a disturbing extent. This raises concerns because their widespread use, as we describe, often tends to amplify these biases. Geometrically, gender bias is first shown to be captured by a direction in the word embedding. Second, gender neutral words are shown to be linearly separable from gender definition words in the word embedding. Using these properties, we provide a methodology for modifying an embedding to remove gender stereotypes, such as the association between between the words receptionist and female, while maintaining desired associations such as between the words queen and female. We define metrics to quantify both direct and indirect gender biases in embeddings, and develop algorithms to "debias" the embedding. Using crowd-worker evaluation as well as standard benchmarks, we empirically demonstrate that our algorithms significantly reduce gender bias in embeddings while preserving the its useful properties such as the ability to cluster related concepts and to solve analogy tasks. The resulting embeddings can be used in applications without amplifying gender bias.

A Digital Twin (DT) is a simulation of a physical system that provides information to make decisions that add economic, social or commercial value. The behaviour of a physical system changes over time, a DT must therefore be continually updated with data from the physical systems to reflect its changing behaviour. For resource-constrained systems, updating a DT is non-trivial because of challenges such as on-board learning and the off-board data transfer. This paper presents a framework for updating data-driven DTs of resource-constrained systems geared towards system health monitoring. The proposed solution consists of: (1) an on-board system running a light-weight DT allowing the prioritisation and parsimonious transfer of data generated by the physical system; and (2) off-board robust updating of the DT and detection of anomalous behaviours. Two case studies are considered using a production gas turbine engine system to demonstrate the digital representation accuracy for real-world, time-varying physical systems.

Deep neural networks (DNN) have outstanding performance in various applications. Despite numerous efforts of the research community, out-of-distribution (OOD) samples remain significant limitation of DNN classifiers. The ability to identify previously unseen inputs as novel is crucial in safety-critical applications such as self-driving cars, unmanned aerial vehicles and robots. Existing approaches to detect OOD samples treat a DNN as a black box and assess the confidence score of the output predictions. Unfortunately, this method frequently fails, because DNN are not trained to reduce their confidence for OOD inputs. In this work, we introduce a novel method for OOD detection. Our method is motivated by theoretical analysis of neuron activation patterns (NAP) in ReLU based architectures. The proposed method does not introduce high computational workload due to the binary representation of the activation patterns extracted from convolutional layers. The extensive empirical evaluation proves its high performance on various DNN architectures and seven image datasets. ion.

Recent advances in upper limb prostheses have led to significant improvements in the number of movements provided by the robotic limb. However, the method for controlling multiple degrees of freedom via user-generated signals remains challenging. To address this issue, various machine learning controllers have been developed to better predict movement intent. As these controllers become more intelligent and take on more autonomy in the system, the traditional approach of representing the human-machine interface as a human controlling a tool becomes limiting. One possible approach to improve the understanding of these interfaces is to model them as collaborative, multi-agent systems through the lens of joint action. The field of joint action has been commonly applied to two human partners who are trying to work jointly together to achieve a task, such as singing or moving a table together, by effecting coordinated change in their shared environment. In this work, we compare different prosthesis controllers (proportional electromyography with sequential switching, pattern recognition, and adaptive switching) in terms of how they present the hallmarks of joint action. The results of the comparison lead to a new perspective for understanding how existing myoelectric systems relate to each other, along with recommendations for how to improve these systems by increasing the collaborative communication between each partner.